Warp & Twist are the two characteristics used to determine the flatness of printed circuit boards.

warp & twist

Warp determination :
The percentage K of the deflection (tk) relative to the length (L) of the curved edge

K= tk/L*100 %

If the warp occurs both lengthwise and crosswise, the largest value counts.

Twist determination :
Twist is the percentage V of the deflection (tv) relative to the length (D) of the diagonal:

V=tv/D *100 %

More can be learned from our BLOG on warp & twist.

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